Abe, S., Higaki, D., & Hayashi, K. (2023). The role of translational landslides in the evolution of cuesta topography. In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022 (pp. 149-161). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_10
Alijani, B., Ghahroudi, M., & Amirahmadi, A. (2007). Landslide hazard zonation on the northern slopes of Shah Jahan using GIS (Case study: Estarkhi watershed, Shirvan). Geographical Research, 22(1), 117–132. [In Persian]
Alimoradi, M., Saffari, A., & Yamani, M. (2012). Evaluation of AHP and ANP models in landslide susceptibility mapping (Case study: Central Alborz). Geography and Environmental Planning, 23(2), 85-104. [In Persian] https://gep.ui.ac.ir/article_18561.html
Amirahmadi, A., & Jahanfar, A. (2013). Evaluation of factors influencing landslide occurrence using multi-criteria decision-making techniques (MCDM): A case study of the Zemkan watershed, Kermanshah Province. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Environmental Hazards, Tehran, Iran. [in Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/307473/
Amirahmadi, A., Kamrani Dalir, H., & Sadeghi, M. (2010). Landslide hazard zonation using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP): A case study of the Chelav watershed, Amol. Geography, 8(27), 181–203. [In Persian] https://mag.iga.ir/volume_34782.html
Asghari Saraskanroud, S., Emami, R., & Piroozi, E. (2021). Evaluation and landslide hazard zonation using OWA and ANN methods (Case study: Paveh County). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 10(28), 131–150. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22111/jneh.2021.33729.1645
Ayalew, L., & Yamagishi, H. (2005). The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan. Geomorphology, 65(1-2), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.010
Baharvand, S., & Souri, S. (2016). Landslide hazard zonation using artificial neural network (Case study: Sepiddasht–Lorestan, Iran). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 6(4), 15–31. [In Persian] https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/girs/Article/903041
Basu, T., & Pal, S. (2020). A GIS-based factor clustering and landslide susceptibility analysis using AHP for Gish River Basin, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(5), 4787-4819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00406-4
Chung, C.-J. F., & Fabbri, A. G. (1999). Probabilistic prediction models for landslide hazard mapping. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 65(12), 1389–1399. https://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/99journal/december/1999_dec_1389-1399.pdf
Climate-Data.org. (2015). Climate: Mazandaran. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iran/mazandaran-2183/
Ebrahimi, L., & Ilanloo, M. (2025). Landslide risk zoning using machine learning algorithm modeling technique (Case study: Izeh County). Environmental Management Hazards, 12(1), 51–64. [In Persian] https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_102600.html?lang=en
Esfandiari Darabad, F., Vahabzadeh, M., Sheikhlar, Z., & Nezafat Takleh, B. (2025). Identifying factors affecting landslides on Astara road to Namin tunnel using the MLP model. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 14(1), 43-60. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2024.87409.1475
Fatemi Aghda, S. M., Bagheri, V., & Razifard, M. (2018). Landslide susceptibility mapping using fuzzy logic system and its influences on mainlines in Lashgarak Region, Tehran, Iran. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 36, 915–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0365-y
Fathi, M., Jafari, M., & Rashidi, A. (2016). Application of conditional probability and statistical models in landslide susceptibility zoning. Journal of Engineering Geology, 10(2), 1415-1432. [In Persian] https://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2365-fa.html
Feizolahpour, M., & Momipour, M. (2020). Zonation of landslide-prone areas using a feed-forward multilayer perceptron with back-propagation algorithm (Case study: Sangurchay River basin). Geographical Space, 20(69), 97–116. [In Persian]
Ghayoor Bolorfroshan, M., Hosseinzadeh, S. R., Lashkaripour, G. R., Minaei, M., & Morabbi Heravi, H. (2024). Spatial-temporal behaviour of old landslide reactivation (case study: Hossein-Abad Kalpoosh Village landslide). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 13(4), 314-343. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2023.82181.1358
Gilanipoor, A., Motevalli, S., & Derafshi, K. (2025). Assessment of landslide sensitivity and determination of effective factors in its occurrence using the random forest algorithm (Case study: Glandrood watershed). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 14(1), 247-274. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2025.89542.1514
Goli, I., Kriaučiūnienė, Z., Zhang, R., Bijani, M., Kabir Koohi, P., Rostamkalaei, S. A., … & Azadi, H. (2024). Contributions of climate smart agriculture toward climate change adaptation and food security: The case of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 152, 104653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104653
Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., & Ghigi, S. (2004). Rockfall hazard and risk assessment along a transportation corridor in the Nera Valley, Central Italy. Environmental Management, 34(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0021-6
Hemmati, F., Seyed Ahmadi, S., & Alizadeh, A. (2025). Analysis of the role of morphotectonic processes on the potential risk of slope instability in the Shaharchay River basin of Urmia. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 14(3), 18-37. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2025.93808.1578
Highland, L., & Bobrowsky, P. T. (2008). The landslide handbook: A guide to understanding landslides. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1325
Jafari, G. H., & Khodaei, R. (2024). Zoning land surfaces of Shahroud basin against the occurrence of landslides using the Shannon model. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 12(4), 253-274. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2022.75401.1183
Jafari, T., Goli Mokhtari, L., & Naemi Tabar, M. (2019). Zoning the risk of landslides in Badranlou Basin using the analytic network process (ANP). Geographical Space, 19(66), 1–17. [In Persian] https://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1967-en.html
Kamranzad, F., Mohasel Afshar, E., Mojarab, M., & Memarian, H. (2016). Landslide hazard zonation in Tehran Province using data driven and AHP methods. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Geosciences, 25(97), 101–114. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22071/gsj.2015.41372
Karimi, T., Karam, A., Zeaiean Firuzabadi, P., & Tavakkoli Sabour, S. M. (2025). Analysis of slope dynamics and determination of active landslides in Qazvin Alamut river basin with radar data. Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences, 25(79), 50-69. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.61882/jgs.25.79.10
Lee, S., & Pradhan, B. (2007). Landslide hazard mapping at Selangor, Malaysia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Landslides, 4, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-006-0047-y
Liu, X., Shao, S., & Shao, S. (2024). Landslide susceptibility zonation using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in the Great Xi’an Region, China. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2941.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53630-y
Mafigiri, A., Khanan, M. F. A., & Abdullah, R. A. (2025). A review of GIS-based landslide susceptibility and hazard modeling considering the influence of topographic parameters on rainfall spatial variability. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 11(6), 427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-025-02615-5
Mansouri, H., Vakili Ondari, F., & Khatib, M. M. (2017). Landslide hazard zonation using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Boolean logic in Baghran Mountain (South of Birjand). New Findings in Applied Geology, 10(20), 49–61. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22084/nfag.2017.1692
Mazandaran Meteorological Office. (n.d.). Climate of Mazandaran Province. Retrieved July 4, 2026, from https://www.mazmet.ir/
Mirsanei, R., & Mahdavifar, M. R. (2006). Optimal methods and criteria for preparing landslide hazard zonation maps: Part I—Preparation of a guideline for landslide hazard zonation in Iran [Final report]. Natural Disasters Research Institute. [In Persian]
Moavi, M., Elmizadeh, H., & Entezari, M. (2025). Landslide susceptibility modelling using artificial neural network algorithm: A case study of the Shahid Abbaspour dam catchment, northeastern Khuzestan. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 14(3), 38-54. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/GEOEH.2025.92634.1557
Mohammady, M. (2026). Landslide susceptibility assessment in a part of northern Tehran city. Hydrogeomorphology, 12(45), 63-79. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/hyd.2025.67496.1794
Moncayo, S., & Ávila, G. (2023). Landslide travel distances in Colombia from national landslide database analysis. In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022 (pp. 315-325). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_24
Moradi, H. R., Mohammadi, M., Pourghasemi, H. R., & Feiznia, S. (2010). Analysis and estimate of landslide hazard using AHP method in a part of Haraz Road. Journal of Modares Humanities Planning and Space Programming, 14(2), 233–247. [In Persian] https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-3642-fa.html
Moradi, H. R., Pourghasemi, H. R., Mohammadi, M., & Mahdavifar, M. R. (2010). Landslide hazard zonation using the gamma fuzzy operator (Case study: Haraz watershed). Advanced Environmental Sciences, 7(4), 129–142. [In Persian] https://envs.sbu.ac.ir/index.php/article_96578.html
Nhu, V. H., Shirzadi, A., Shahabi, H., Singh, S. K., Al-Ansari, N., Clague, J. J., ... & Binh, T. (2020). Shallow landslide susceptibility mapping: A comparison between logistic model tree, logistic regression, naïve bayes tree, artificial neural network, and support vector machine algorithms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082749
Oh, H. J., & Pradhan, B. (2011). Application of a neuro-fuzzy model to landslide-susceptibility mapping for shallow landslides in a tropical hilly area. Computers & Geosciences, 37(9), 1264–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2010.10.012
Ohlmacher, G. C., & Davis, J. C. (2003). Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA. Engineering Geology, 69(3–4), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00069-3
Ozer, B. C., Mutlu, B., Nefeslioglu, H. A., Sezer, E. A., Rouai, M., Dekayir, A., & Gokceoglu, C. (2020). On the use of hierarchical fuzzy inference systems (HFIS) in expert-based landslide susceptibility mapping: The central part of the Rif Mountains (Morocco). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 79, 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01548-5
Pourghasemi, H. R., & Mohammady, M. (2016). Presentation of a new ensemble method of Bayesian and logistic regression models in landslide susceptibility assessment in Khalkhal Township. Environmental Erosion Research, 6(2), 16–30. [In Persian] https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22517812.1395.6.2.3.8
Pournader, M., Ghafoori, M., & Lashkaripour, G. R. (2012). Landslide hazard zoning using logistic regression model in structural zones of Iran. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, 2(4), 54-68. [In Persian]. https://aag.scu.ac.ir/article_10123.html
Pradhan, B., & Lee, S. (2010). Landslide susceptibility assessment and factor effect analysis: Backpropagation artificial neural networks and their comparison with frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression modelling. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25(6), 747–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.10.016
Rahimpour, T., & Rezaei Moghaddam, M. H. (2025). GIS-based MCDM approach for landslide susceptibility hazard mapping (Case study: Mehran Roud basin, Iran). Hydrogeomorphology, 12(44), 116-131. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/hyd.2025.66388.1783
Rajabi, A. M., & Khosravi, H. (2018). The zoning of earthquake-induced landslide hazards using the AHP model. Journal of Engineering Geology, 12(4), 635–658. [In Persian] https://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2551-en.html
Ranjbar, M. (2012). Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for landslide hazard mitigation in Alborz Range. Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences, 12(24), 119-136. [In Persian] https://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-125-fa.html
Rowshanzamir, S. (2025). Investigation of effective factors on landslide occurrence and susceptibility zonation using the Dempster–Shafer model in the Middle Mazlaghan Chai, Markazi Province. Watershed Management Research, 38(1), 113–127. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22092/wmrj.2023.360607.1502
Sadati, S. H., Mousavi, S. R., Vahabzadeh Kebria, G., & Roshun, S. H. (2025). Evaluation of random forest and support vector machine models in landslide risk mapping (Case study: Tajan basin, Mazandaran province). Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 14(45), 133-154. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22111/jneh.2025.50031.2071
Salehpour Jam, A., Mosaffaie, J., Sarfaraz, F., Shadfar, S., & Akhtari, R. (2021). GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using hybrid MCDM models. Natural Hazards, 108(1), 1025–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04718-5
Sedighi, H., & Ghasemi, A. R. (2023). Modeling landslide occurrence risk using logistic regression model (Case study: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province). Researches in Earth Sciences, 14(4), 42-60. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.48308/ESRJ.2023.104053
Senouci, R., Taibi, N. E., Teodoro, A. C., Duarte, L., Mansour, H., & Yahia Meddah, R. (2021). GIS-based expert knowledge for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM): Case of Mostaganem Coast District, West of Algeria. Sustainability, 13(2), 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020630
Shadfar, S., & Yamani, M. (2008). Landslide hazard zonation in the Jelisan watershed using the LNRF model. Geographical Research, 39(62), 11–23. [In Persian] https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_19186.html?lang=fa
Shahinfar, H. (2014). The role of factor prioritization in multi-criteria evaluation of land instabilities. Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 6(2), 67-82. [In Persian] https://jis.sbu.ac.ir/article_94676.html
Shirani, K., & Naderi Samani, R. (2022). Prioritization of effective parameters and landslide susceptibility zonation using maximum entropy and Dempster–Shafer models in Doab Samsami, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 75(1), 51–72. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2022.324882.1592
Silakhouri, Z., Vahabzadeh Kebria, G., & Pourghasemi, H. R. (2021). Landslide hazard assessment using the Dempster-Shafer model (Case study: Part of the Talar watershed). Environmental Erosion Research, 11(3), 82–98. [In Persian] https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22517812.1400.11.3.3.5
Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). Summary results of the 2016 Population and Housing Census. [In Persian]
Statistical Center of Iran. (2024). Population estimates of Mazandaran Province. https://www.amar.org.ir/
Sujatha, E. R., & Sudharsan, J. S. (2024). Landslide susceptibility mapping methods—A review. In G. K. Panda, R. Shaw, S. C. Pal, U. Chatterjee, & A. Saha (Eds.), Landslide: Susceptibility, risk assessment and sustainability: Application of geostatistical and geospatial modeling (pp. 87–102). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56591-5_4
Tan, J., Yang, C., Wang, Y., Xiong, H., & Ma, C. (2024). A hybrid model to overcome landslide inventory incompleteness issue for landslide susceptibility prediction. Geocarto International, 39(1), 2322066. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2024.2322066
Ullah, I., Aslam, B., Shah, S. H. I. A., Tariq, A., Qin, S., Majeed, M., & Havenith, H.-B. (2022). An integrated approach of machine learning, remote sensing, and GIS data for the landslide susceptibility mapping. Land, 11(8), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081265
Vahdatifar, M., Mousavi, S. F., Farzin, S., & Hadiani, M. O. (2025). Comprehensive study of climate change impacts on temperature and precipitation in east and west of Mazandaran Province in north of Iran. Water, 17(8), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081181
Wu, Q., Xie, Z., Zhao, Y., Wu, Y., Tian, M., Lv, Y., & Qiu, Q. (2026). Landslide susceptibility assessment based on textual semantic-numerical embedding and positive-unlabeled learning. Engineering Geology, 368, 108750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2026.108750
Yamusa, I. B., Ismail, M. S., & Tella, A. (2022). Highway proneness appraisal to landslides along Taiping to Ipoh segment Malaysia, using MCDM and GIS techniques. Sustainability, 14(15), 9096. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159096
Ye, C., Wu, H., Oguchi, T., Tang, Y., Pei, X., & Wu, Y. (2025). Physically based and data-driven models for landslide susceptibility assessment: principles, applications, and challenges. Remote Sensing, 17(13), 2280. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132280
