Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1
Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad
2
Madrid University
3
Payam noor University of Tehran
10.22067/geoeh.2025.91975.1545
Abstract
Mining is a fundamental industrial activity that plays a crucial role in global economic development by supplying essential raw materials for various sectors, including construction, manufacturing, and energy production. However, despite its economic benefits, mining operations inevitably result in severe environmental degradation, disrupting natural ecosystems, altering hydrological cycles, and contributing to landscape instability. Large-scale excavation, removal of overburden, and waste disposal significantly modify topography, soil structure, and water resources, often leaving behind degraded and unproductive land. The extensive environmental footprint of mining necessitates the development and implementation of effective reclamation strategies to restore the ecological and geomorphological integrity of post-mining landscapes.
Over the past few decades, advancements in reclamation science have led to the development of innovative restoration techniques that aim to reconstruct stable, self-sustaining landforms. One of the most promising approaches in this regard is geomorphic reclamation, particularly through the GeoFluv method, which integrates natural landform design principles to reconstruct post-mining landscapes in a way that mimics undisturbed geomorphic processes. Unlike conventional reclamation techniques that rely on artificial terraces and engineered drainage channels, geomorphic reclamation employs principles of natural watershed hydrology and geomorphology to create landscapes that are resistant to erosion, hydrologically functional, and ecologically viable over the long term.
The GeoFluv method is based on the reconstruction of natural drainage networks, slopes, and landforms to facilitate landscape stability and hydrological balance. This approach aims to minimize surface runoff, enhance soil permeability, and promote groundwater recharge, ultimately reducing erosion risks and sediment transport. Additionally, geomorphic reclamation supports vegetation re-establishment and biodiversity recovery by improving soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient availability. By replicating natural landscape evolution processes, this method ensures that post-mining terrain develops into a self-sustaining ecosystem with reduced maintenance requirements.
The present study investigates the application of geomorphic reclamation techniques in the Sangan iron ore mine, one of the largest open-pit mining operations in Iran. The study assesses the effectiveness of geomorphic design principles in creating a stable and environmentally sustainable post-mining landscape by integrating geomorphological and hydrological criteria into the reclamation process. The methodology involves detailed terrain analysis, hydrological modeling, and landscape reconstruction planning to ensure that post-mining landforms are resilient to erosional forces and capable of supporting vegetation recovery.
The study's findings highlight several key advantages of geomorphic reclamation over traditional rehabilitation methods. First, the restoration of natural drainage patterns significantly reduces surface water runoff and enhances soil infiltration, leading to improved groundwater recharge and reduced erosion. Second, the creation of geomorphically stable landforms decreases the risk of slope failures and sediment transport, thereby contributing to the long-term structural integrity of the reclaimed landscape. Third, the improved hydrological performance of the terrain fosters favorable conditions for plant succession, soil development, and biodiversity restoration. These factors collectively enhance the ecological resilience of the post-mining environment, ensuring that the reclaimed land can support sustainable land use over time.
Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of integrating geomorphic, hydrological, and ecological considerations into mining reclamation planning. By adopting a holistic approach that incorporates natural landscape evolution processes, geomorphic reclamation provides a sustainable alternative to conventional rehabilitation methods, which often fail to achieve long-term environmental stability. The implications of this research extend beyond the case study of the Sangan mine, as the principles and methodologies explored can be applied to similar mining operations worldwide. As global mining activities continue to expand, the need for effective and sustainable reclamation practices becomes increasingly critical to mitigate environmental impacts and promote responsible resource management.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that geomorphic reclamation, particularly through the GeoFluv method, represents a scientifically robust and ecologically viable approach to post-mining landscape restoration. By leveraging principles of natural geomorphology and hydrology, this technique offers significant improvements in landform stability, erosion control, and ecological recovery compared to traditional methods. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable mining reclamation, emphasizing the necessity of adopting science-based and landscape-oriented approaches in post-mining land management. Future research should focus on refining geomorphic reclamation models, integrating advanced hydrological simulations, and assessing long-term ecological outcomes to further enhance the effectiveness of this approach in diverse mining environments.Future research should focus on refining geomorphic reclamation models, integrating advanced hydrological simulations, and assessing long-term ecological outcomes to further enhance the effectiveness of this approach in diverse mining environments.
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