Presenting a safe tourism model for the continuation of tourism businesses in the Covid-19 crisis

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Ehsan Khosravi ¹
• Nader Naderi ²
• Bijan Rezaei ²
• Hossein Azadi ³

¹ Ph.D. Student of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

³ Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

10.22067/geoeh.2021.70107.1052

Abstract

One of the crises that has recently affected the whole world is the corona virus, which has endangered not only health, but all aspects of human life. The tourism sector is one of the economic sectors that has suffered a lot due to the outbreak of this virus, and unfortunately, the policies applied to manage the coronavirus crisis have doubled the damage. Although this uninvited virus has created problems, with proper planning and policy, it can turn from a threat to an opportunity and provide the context for long-term growth and development. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to "presenting a safe tourism model for the continuation of tourism businesses in the Covid-19 crisis". The study population was the owners of tourism businesses in Kermanshah province. Purposeful sampling of the type snowball was used to select the interviewees. The criterion for determining the sample size was theoretical saturation, which in this study, by selecting 38 samples from the community, theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were collected through open-ended questionnaires, in-depth individual interviews, note-taking, document review, or often a combination of these methods. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding and based on it, a research model was formed. The results showed that Kermanshah tourism process was organized and secured through correct policy-making and systematic view, by observing health principles and protocols, and by monitoring and coordinating the relevant agencies and, most importantly, using tourism-compatible technologies in the Covid-19 crisis.

Keywords

• Business Continuity
• Safe Tourism
• Corona Virus Crisis
• Endogenous Development
• Kermanshah Province

---

References

 اداره کل گردشگری، صنایع‌دستی و میراث فرهنگی استان کرمانشاه؛ 1399. آمار تعداد آثار باستانی ثبت شده در استان کرمانشاه. قابل دسترس در سایت: https://kermanshah.mcth.ir.

خبرگزاری تسنیم؛ 1400. روند بستری روزانه بیماران در کل کشور به‌ازای هر 100 هزار نفر جمعیت. قابل‌دسترس در سایت: https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1400/01/24/2483776/.

خسروی، سالار؛ نجفی، امیر؛ مرجانی، محمدرضا؛ محمدی، نبی‌اله؛ 1399. بررسی رابطه بین مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری سازمانی با موفقیت و تداوم کسب‌وکار بانک‌ها. مجله مدیریت توسعه و تحول. شماره 40، 25-32.

سازمان مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی استان کرمانشاه؛ 1399. سالنامه‌های آماری استان کرمانشاه. قابل دسترس در سایت: https://www.amar.mpo-ksh.ir. 

 

Barney G, Holton j., 2004. Remodeling Grounded Theory. Forum: Qualitative Social Research 5(2): 1-22

Baum T, Hai NTT., 2020. Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32(7): 2397–2407.

Bhaskara GI, Viachaslau F., 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic and organisational learning for disaster planning and management: A perspective of tourism businesses from a destination prone to consecutive disaster. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 1(46): 364-375.

Breier A, Kallmuenzer A, Clauss T, Gast J, Kraus S, Tiberius V., 2021. The role of business model innovation in the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Hospitality Management 92(1): 102723.

Corbin J, Strauss A., 1990. Ground theory research procedures, canons and evaluative criteria. Qual. Sociol 13 (1): 3-21.

Corbin J, Strauss A., 2008. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Dahles H, Susilowati TP., 2015. Business resilience in times of growth and crisis. Annals of Tourism Research 51: 34–50.

Fuchs C., 2020. Everyday life and everyday communication in coronavirus capitalism TripleC: communication, capitalism & critique. J Glob Sustain Inf Soc 18(1): 375–399.

Glaser BG, Strauss AL., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Publications Company, New York.

Goodwin H., 2020. Latest developments in responsible tourism. Responsible Tourism Partnership. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/2020/04/12/latest-developments-in-responsible-tourism-04-2020/.

Gossling S, Scott D, Hall CM., 2020. Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(1): 1–20.

Gretzel U, Fuchs M, Baggio R, Hoepken W, Law R, Neidhardt J, Pesonen J, Zanker M, Xiang Z., 2020. e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism 22: 187-203.

Hall CM, Scott D, Gossling S., 2020. Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for. Tourism geographies 22(3): 577-598.

Hiramatsu T, Marshall M., 2018. The Long-Term Impact of Disaster Loans: The Case of Small Businesses after Hurricane Katrina. Sustainability 10(7): 2364.

Ioannides D, Gyimóthy S., 2020. The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies 22(3): 1–9. 

Janssen M, van der Voort H., 2020. Agile and adaptive governance in crisis response: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Information Management 55: 102180.

Jovanovic M, Mas A, Mesquida A, Lalic B., 2017. Transition of organizational roles in Agile Transformation Process: A Grounded Theory approach. Journal of Systems & Software 133(1): 174-194.

Khalid U, Okafo LE, Burzynska K., 2021. Does the size of the tourism sector influence the economic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic?, Journal of Tourism 15(24): 1-20

Kimmelman C. 2020. The great empty: New York Times. https:// www.nytimes.com/ interactive/ 2020/03/23/world/coronavirus-great-empty.html.

Kirk CP, Rifkin LS. 2020. I’ll Trade You Diamonds for Toilet Paper: Consumer Reacting, Coping and Adapting Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Business Research 117: 124–131.

Liew VKS., 2020. The effect of novel coronavirus pandemic on tourism share prices. Journal of Tourism Futures 1(1): 1-6.

Liu Y, Lee JM, Lee C., 2020. The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Bus Manage 19: 277–297.

Mehrolia S, Alagarsamy S, Solaikutty VM., 2020. Customers response to online food delivery services during COVID-19 outbreak using binary logistic regression. International Journal of Consumer Studies 45: 396-408.

Milano C, Cheer JM, Novelli M. 2019. Overtourism: Excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism, CABI: 1-263.

Pan T, Shu F, Kitterlin-Lynch M, Beckman E., 2021. Perceptions of cruise travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: Market recovery strategies for cruise businesses in North America. Tourism Management 85: 104275. 

Parnell D, Widdop P, Bond A, Wilson R., 2020. Covid-19, Networks and Sport. Managing Sport and Leisure in Press: 1-7

Priest  h., 2002. An approach to the phenomenological analysis of data. News researchers 10(2): 50-63.

Qiu RTR, Park J, Li S, Song H., 2020. Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research 84: 102994. 

Ratten V., 2020. Coronavirus (covid-19) and entrepreneurship: changing life and work landscape. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 32(5): 503-516.

Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J., 2020. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Published online at Our World In Data.org. Retrieved from: ‘https:// ourworldindata.org/ coronavirus’.

Sharma GD, Mahendru M., 2020. Lives or livelihood: Insights from locked-down India due to COVID19. Social Sciences & Humanities Open 2(1): 100036.

Sharma GD, Thomas A, Paul J., 2021. Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives 37(1): 100786

UNWTO., 2020a. COVID-19: Putting people first. UNWTO. Avilable on: https:// www. unwto. org/ tourism-covid-19.

UNWTO., 2020b. International tourism numbers could fall 60–80% in 2020. [Press Release −7 May 2020]. Retrieved July 22, 2020, Avilable on: https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020.

Williams CC., 2020. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on Europe’s tourism industry: Addressing tourism enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy. International Journal of Tourism Research 23(1): 79-88.

World Health Organisation (WHO). ,2020. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak. https:www.who.int/ emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

Xu S, Li Y., 2020. Beware of the second wave of COVID-19. The Lancet 395(1): 1321-1322.