Development of Residential Areas and Flood Hazards Increasingin Nurabad, Lorestan, Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate in Geomorphology, University of Tehran (Kish International Unit), , Iran

2 Professor in Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor in Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

1. Introduction
Flooding is a natural phenomenon that human societies have accepted as an inevitable event, but the occurrence, magnitude, and the frequency of the flood are affected by many factors that vary depending on the climatic, natural and geographical conditions of each region. International UN surveys suggest that floods should regarded as one of the most serious natural disasters, and that only a few countries in the world are free from flood and flood issues. Due to the type of rainfall and geomorphological status of catchments in Iran, most of the regions and cities are exposed to floods. Some cities are more at risk because of their location. Poor growth in planning, population density, poor infrastructure, deforestation, etc. are among the factors that increase the likelihood of disaster. Badavard River basin in Lorestan province due to geomorphological and physiographic situation of the basin and having high rainfall (average more than 2 mm/year) has great potential for flooding, Accordingly, one of the cities that are subject to geomorphological hazards, including flood hazards, is Nurabad city in the Nurabad county which has undergone significant physical development in recent years. There are many settlements, especially in the southern areas of the city, and due to the morphology of the area it is anticipated that in recent years the development trend will be towards the southern areas as well as the river margins of the city.
2. Study Area
Nurabad city is surrounded by Selseleh, Doreh and Kuhdasht cities in Lorestan province, Shirvan and Chardavol in Ilam province, Kermanshah, Harsin, Sahneh and Kangavar in Kermanshah province and Nahavand in Hamadan province. Nurabad city is located between an altitude of about 1000 meters to 3500 meters above sea level and in terms of geomorphology, the main landscape of the area is a mountain unit. In terms of climate, the city has cold and snowy winters and almost mild summers.
 
3. Materials and Methods
In this study, descriptive-analytical method and software were used to identify flood-prone areas and to evaluate the development of residential areas. The data used include the DEM 30 m, various layers of information provided by the organizations and satellite imagery of the study area. The tools used include ARCGIS, ENVI and IDRISI software. The method used in this study had two stages. In the first stage, WLC and AHP models were used to identify flood-prone areas, as well as the four criteria of river distance, lithology, land use type, elevation, slope and slope direction which has been selected based on the opinion of experts and according to the characteristics of the region. Secondly, in order to evaluate land use change trends and the development of residential areas towards flood zones in the study basin, land use maps were prepared from 1990 to 2019. In the third stage, LCM (Land Change Modeler) model was used to review and analyze the changes and to evaluate the process of land use change and development of residential areas towards flood-prone areas.
4. Discussion and Results
In this study, WLC and AHP models were used to identify flood prone areas. The results indicate that many sections of the study area are within the range and risk of flooding. In fact, according to the parameters considered, the final map of flood-prone areas has been prepared and the final map was divided into 5 classes. According to the map, the class of very high is mainly comprised of adjacent river areas, low slope and low altitude areas. This class, with an area of 76.1 km2, covers about 12.3 percent of the basin. The high-potential class also consists mainly of the middle parts of the basin and the areas adjacent to the rivers, and has low elevation and slope. This class, with an area of 145.8 km2, comprises 23.5 percent of the basin. The mean class covers a large part of the basin, so that with an area of 251.8 km­2comprises 40.7 percent of the basin, which mainly consists of low height, gentle-slope areas that are away from the river. The class of low potential has an area of 108.7 km2, comprising 1.5 percent of the basin. The class mainly consists of foothills and the areas far from rivers. In addition, the high-potential class, with a surface area of 37 km2, covers about 5.97 percent of the catchment area, including areas with high elevation and slope as well as offshore areas.
5. Conclusion
The results of the present study indicate that the city of Nurabad has a high potential for flooding. Given that residential areas such as Nurabad are located in high flood potential classes, attention to these areas and preventive measures is essential. In this regard, the evaluation of land use changes in the study area indicates that in accordance with the increasing trend of population, residential land use has also undergone significant changes. The results of the evaluation of the process of development of residential areas indicate that the land use area was about 2.94 km2 in 1990 year. This has increased to 3.68 km2 in year 2000, to 5.34 km2 in year 2010 and to 6.36 km2 in year 2019. Evaluation of the calculations shows that among the land uses of the study area that have become residential land use, there is a 0/23 km2 orchard, a 3.9 km2 agricultural land use and also a 1.1 km2 pastures and lands are barren lands. In light of the above, in recent years, the trend of residential areas in the city of Nuabad has been moving towards flood-prone areas.

Keywords


References: (In Persian)
Abedini, M., & Beheshti Javid, E. (2016). پهنه­بندی خطر وقوع سیلاب حوضه آبخیز لیقوانچای با استفاده از مدل فرآیند تحلیل شبکه و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی [Flood risk zoning of Liguanchai watershed using network analysis process model and GIS]. Quarterly Journal of Geographical Space, 16(55), 293-312.
Abravesh, Z. (2016). پهنه­بندی خطر سیل در منطقه پردیسان قم با رویکرد مکان­گزینی پایگاه­های امداد و نجات [Flood risk zoning in Pardisan area of Qom with the approach of locating rescue bases], (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Alizaeh, A. (2007). اصول هیدرولوژی کاربردی [Principles of Applied Hydrology]. Mashhad, Iran: Imam Reza University Press.
Amanpor, M., Bahmani, H., & Kamelifar, M. J. (2015).  تحلیلی بر تغییرات کاربری اراضی در کلانشهرها با استفاده از آنالیز تصاویر ماهواره­ای (مطالعه مودری: کلانشهر اهواز). [An analysis of land use change in metropolises using satellite image analysis in ENVI (Modern study: Ahvaz metropolis)]. Journal of Sepehr, 26(102), 150-139.
Gholami, M., & Ahmadi, M. (2019). ریز پهنه­بندی خطر وقوع سیلاب در شهر لامرد با استفاده از منطق   فازی [Microzoning of flood risk in Lamerd city using fuzzy logic]. Journal of Natural Hazards, 8(20), 101-114.
Jamali, M., Moghimi, E., Jafarpor, Z., & Kardavani, P. (2015). تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات ژئومورفولوژیکی توسعه­  شهر در حریم رودخانه­  خشک کلان شهر شیراز[Spatial analysis of geomorphological hazards of city development in the dry river area of Shiraz metropolis]. Journal of Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards, 2(3), 61-51.
Madadi, A., Pirouzi, E., & Aghayari, L. (2018). [Flood risk zoning using a combination of SCS-CN and WLC methods (Case study: Khiao Chay Meshkinshahr basin)]. Journal of Hydrogeomorphology, 5(17), 85-102.
Mahmodzadeh, H., & Bakoei, M. (2018). پهنه­بندی سیلاب یا استفاده از تحلیل فازی (مطالعه موردی: شهر ساری).. [Flood zoning or the use of fuzzy analysis (Case study: Sari city)]. Journal of Natural Hazards, 7(18), 51-68.
Moghimi, E. (2015). دانش مخاطرات (برای زندگی با کیفیت بهتر) [Knowledge of risks (for a better quality of life)]. Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran Press.
Moghimi, E., & Rostami Fathabadi, M. (2019). تعیین مناطق مستعد وقوع سیلاب با استفاده از مدل FAHP(مطالعه موردی: حوضه رودخانه بادآور، نورآباد)، [Determination of flood prone areas using FAHP model (Case study: Badavar river basin, Nurabad)]. Paper presented at National Conference Floodif Repeated. Ahvaz, Iran.
Moghimi, E., & Saffari, A. (2010). ارزیابی ژئومورفولوژیکی توسعه شهری در قلمروی حوضه­های زهکشی سطحی (مطالعه موردی: کلان شهر تهران). [Geomorphological assessment of urban development in the territory of surface drainage basins (Case study: Tehran metropolis)]. Journal of Space Planning and Planning, 14(1), 1-31.
Rasoli, A. A., Mahmodzadeh, H., Yazdchi, S., & Zarinbal, M. (2013). ارزیابی روش­های تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و ترکیب خطی وزنی در مکان­یابی محل دفن مواد زائد شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر مرند). [Evaluation of hierarchical analysis methods and linear weight composition in locating municipal waste landfill (Case study: Marand city)]. Journal of Geography and Urban and Regional Planning, 2 (4), 52-41.
Refahi, H. (2009). فرسایش آبی و کنترل آن [Water erosion and its control]. Tehran: University ofTehran Press.
Servati, M. R., Azad, F., & Mansori, R. (2014). مخاطرات محیطی [Natural hazard]. Journal of Sepehr, 23(90), 94-105
Shokohi, A., Hossoni, N., & Bakhtiary, A. (2018), پیش بینی سیل با استفاده از شاخص بارش استاندارد در مقیاس روزانه [Flood forecasting using standard daily rainfall index]. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environment, 48(2), 25-37.
Taghizadeh Diva, S. A., Salman Mahini, A., & Khirkhahzarkesh, M. (2013). مکان‌یابی چندمعیاری محل دفن مواد زائد ساختمانی با استفاده از رویکرد ترکیبی تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و فازی (مطالعه موردی: شهرگرگان). [Multi-criteria location of landfills for construction waste using a combined approach of hierarchical and fuzzy analysis (Case study: Gorgan)]. Journal of Spatial Planning­, 3(10), 137-121.
References: (In English)
Azouagh, A., El Bardai, R., Hilal, I., Messari, J. (2018). Integration of GIS and HEC-RAS in floods modeling of Martil River (Northern Morocco). European Scientific Journal, 14(12), 130-142.
Dandapat, K., & Panda, G. (2018). A geographic information system-based approach of flood hazards modelling, Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal, India. Journal of Jamba, 10(1), 1-7.
Eastman, J. R. (2006). IDRISI Andes. Guide to GIS and image processing. Worcester, MA: Clark University.
Garde, R. J. (2006). River morphology. New Delhi, India: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Khattak, M. S., Anwar, F., Usman Saeed, T., Sharif, M., Sheraz, K., Ahmed, A. (2016). Floodplain mapping using HEC-RAS and ArcGIS: A case study of Kabul River. Research Article – Civil engineering, 6(40), 1375-1390.
Khoi, D. D., & Murayama, Y. (2010). Forecasting areas vulnerable to forest conversion in the Tam Dao National Park Region, Vietnam. Remote Sensing 2(5), 1249–1272.
Mugagga, F., Kakembo, V., & Buyinza, M. (2012). Land use changes on the slopes of Mount Elgon and the implications for the occurrence of landslides. Catena 12 (90), 39–46.
Parhi, P. K. (2018). Flood management in Mahanadi Basin using HEC-RAS and Gumbel’s extreme value distribution. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), 99(4), 751–755.
Rinat, Y., Marra, F., Zoccatelli, D., & Morin, E. (2018). Controls of flash flood peak discharge in Mediterranean basins and the special role of runoff-contributing areas. Journal of Hydrology, 565, 846-860.
Serre, D., Barroca, B., Balsells, M., & Becue, V. (2016). Contributing to urban resilience to floods with neighbourhood design: The case of Am Sandtorkai/Dalmannkai in Hamburg. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11, 69-83.
Silva, F. V., Bonuma, N. B., & Uda, P. K. (2014). Flood mapping in urban area using Hec-Ras Model supported by GIS. Paper presented at International Conference on Flood Management, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Yeganeh. N., & Sabri. S. (2014). Flood vulnerability assessment in Iskandar Malaysia using multi-criteria evaluation and fuzzy logic. Journal of Applied Sciences. Engineering and Technology 8(16), 1794-1806.
 
CAPTCHA Image