Combating the Forest Mortality Crises in Zagros Regions, Iran through Adaptive Approaches Solutions

Document Type : مقاله پژوهشی

Authors

• Mosayeb Heshmati ¹
• Mohammad Gheitouri ¹
• Morad Sheikhvaisi ²
• Mahmood Arabkhedri ³
• Majid Hosini ⁴

¹ Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, IRAN

² Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, Agricultural Research ,Education and Extension Organization, Kermanshah

³ Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, Iran

⁴ 3Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, (AREEO) Iran

10.22067/geo.v6i2.60466

Abstract

1. Introduction
Zagros forests (Quercus sp.) contribute to recharging groundwater, controlling air pollution, ecotourism, by products, livestock grazing, sustaining agriculture, soil conservation and flood control. Due to geological and topographical properties of Zagros area, however, these forests are more vulnerable to deforestation agents mainly drought driven die-off phenomenon. The effects of climate change are generally expected to reduce the growth and survival of forests, which not only predisposes them to being disturbed by insects and disease, but also increases the vulnerable ones to higher tree mortality. As a consequence of continued climate change, forest mortality has spread throughout Zagros areas inducing a severe environmental disaster. According to some research, several biotic and abiotic factors, such as extreme weather conditions, drought, storms, heat, and insect fluctuations, are responsible for oak reduction. Regarding rainfall deficit, soil moisture storage and reduction in evapotranspiration should be considered as the possible solutions through short term measures. Consequently, harvesting runoff by micro-catchment construction such as crescent -shaped bund (CSB) is a possible adapted measure in the semiarid regions for enhancement of soil moisture. In order to evaluate the effects of runoff harvesting on forest rehabilitation, the present research aimed to analyze the effects of CSB on soil soil moisture content.
2. Material and Methods
This study was conducted in Kalehzard site located in Kermanshah, west of Iran (UTM; 38S682887E, 3748385N). The respective annual precipitation and temperature are 440 mm and 15.2 ºC, indicating the semiarid region. The winter is so cold that the temperature drops below zero on average for 90 days during December, January and February. The summer is relatively hot and dry. A hill with a 15% slope and south-eastern aspect was chosen as the experimental site to represent the dieback phenomenon in Zagros forests. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four treatments including crescent shaped bund with preservation (CSB+P), preservation treatment (PT), crescent shaped bund without preservation (CSB-P) and control treatment (CT). CSB+P was constructed to assist reduction in dieback rate and even re-vegetation of some dried forest trees through its effects on harvesting runoff. This technique is perpendicularly in the slope direction with the opening perpendicular to the flow of runoff, capturing runoff inside. The frequency of both dieback and healthy trees was recorded twice a year, therefore, the total number of trees was recorded before the construction of bunds within the plots using 100% inventory method. Soil quality, soil moisture and plant canopy were analyzed within treatments and repeated every year during the research period.
3. Results and Discussion
Results explored that the effects of CSB+P treatment on reduction of dieback rate and re-growing of some dried trees was 36.7 and 19 tree ha-1 respectively (totally 55.7 ha-1 tree in the forest stand). Therefore, both the reduction of mortality rate and re-growing of dried trees are two main positive effects demonstrated by CSB+P measure. PT treatment has no effect on re-growing, while it contributes to the reduction of dieback severity (37.7 tree ha-1). Finally, CSB-P was found the lower level on dieback reduction was 6 tree ha-1, revealing the crucial importance of preservation for the protection of built bund. As a result, micro-catchment and preservation have a significant positive effect on forest restoration through soil moisture retention. Results also showed that the respective means SOC in the CSB+P, PT, CSP-P and CT treatments were 2.35, 2.40, 1.90 and 1.80 %, indicating no significant difference among them. However, the means significantly (p>0.05) increased in the CSB+P and P treatments over time. CSB+P significantly reduced bulk density from 1.46 (1st yr) to 1.32 (3rd yr) enhancing soil moisture content. The crescent shaped bund was designed as the adaptive micro-catchment runoff harvesting system (MCRHS) and measured within treatments plots. This technique has a lower soil and embankment movement than earthy or stone dams which can be built perpendicularly in the flow of runoff. Besides, it is arranged in staggered rows along the natural contour of the land with the open end facing uphill. Consequently, these bunds slow down runoff enabling the harvested water to be used in an effective way. This is particularly useful in increasing the soil moisture, especially when precipitation is scarce.
4. Conclusion
It is concluded that CSB+P (first treatment) can be considered as the possible adaptation approach for combating Zagros forest mortality induced by drought stress and climate change. This technique is a possible measure for runoff harvesting and thereby enhancement of soil moisture during dry season. However, proper and holistic management of forests are needed to curtail forest dieback event. Furthermore, Zagros forest soil should be protected from disturbance factors in terms of tillage practice, machinery traffic, grazing, logging and charcoal extraction. In our experience, runoff harvesting through micro-catchment technique, forest preservation and sustaining SOC are crucial short term measures for combating forest mortality in Zagros regions.

Keywords

• Adaptation approaches
• Crescent bund
• Oak dieback
• Soil Moisture

---

References

بهمنش، جواد؛ آزاد طلاتپه، نسرین؛ منتصری، مجید؛ رضایی، حسین و خلیلی، کیوان؛ 1394. اثر تغییر اقلیم بر تبخیر-تعرق مرجع، کمبود بارندگی و کمبود فشار بخار هوا در ارومیه. نشریه دانش آب و خاک. شماره25 (2). صص 91-79.

بی‏نام، 1392. علل خشکیدگی جنگل‏های زاگرس. سه‌شنبه ۱ بهمن ۱۳۹۲ - ۰۹:۵۳خبرگزاری مهر (شناسه خبر 2218286).

جلالی نادر؛ داودی محمد هادی و ایران منش، فرزاد؛ 1389. منشاءیابی طوفان‌های گرد و غبار مناطق غرب و جنوب غرب کشور با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای. گزارش نهایی طرح تحقیقات به شماره ثبت 1628/89 ، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری.

زارع، حمید؛ مبین، خلیل و حسن پور، ابوالقاسم؛ 1393. روش نگهداری درخت انجیر دیم در شرایط خشکسالی، مرکز تحقیقات جهاد کشاورزی استان فارس، گزارش شماره ۵-۱.

زراعت‏پیشه، مجتبی؛ خرمالی، فرها؛ کیانی، فرشاد و پهلوانی، محمدهادی؛ 1391. مطالعه کانی‌های رسی در خاکهای تشکیل شده بر روی مواد مادری لسی در یک توالی اقلیمی در استان گلستان. مجله پژوهش‌های خاک (علوم آب و خاک)، شماره الف (26). صص316-303.

سپهوند، کیوان؛ 1392. قاچاق بذر بلوط به کشورهای حاشیه خلیج فارس/ تهدید تازه برای بلوط‌ها و سنجاب‌های زاگرس (کارشناس اداره حقوقی اداره کل محیط زیست استان لرستان). خبرگزاری مهر به نقل از خبرگزاری فارس (شناسه خبر: 2186082 - دوشنبه ۱۱ آذر ۱۳۹۲ - ۰۸:۴۵)

شیرانپور، بهارک؛ بهرامی، امیر و شعبانپور، محمود؛ 1391. تأثیر تغییر کاربری جنگل به باغ چای بر حاصلخیزی خاک در استان گیلان. نشریه آب و خاک (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی). شماره 4. صص 831-826.

صادقزاده، محمد ابراهیم؛ زارع‏زاد ریحانی، رضا؛ فرج‏نیا، حیدر؛ 1390. بررسی روش‌های ماندگاری رطوبت در پروفیل خاک در سامانه‌های سطوح آبگیر لوزی شکل در ایستگاه خواجه. پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری (گزارش نهایی پروژه تحقیقاتی به شماره ثبت 39918 سازمان آموزش و تحقیقات کشاورزی).

قیطوری، محمد؛ حشمتی، مسیب و پرویزی،یحیی؛ 1390. بررسی کارایی سه سامانه جمع آوری رواناب باران در تولید آب در استان کرمانشاه. اولین کنفرانس ملی سامانه‌های سطوح آبگیر باران. تهران اردیبهشت 1390.

محمّدی، حسین و تقوی، فرحناز؛ 1384. روند شاخص‌های حدی دما و بارش در تهران. پژوهش‏های جغرافیایی. شماره 53 (پاییز). صص151-172.

Abahussain, A. A., Abdu, A. S., Al-Zubari, W. K., El-Deen, N. A., & Abdul-Raheem, M. (2002). Desertification in the Arab region: Analysis of current status and trends. Journal of Arid Environment, 51(4), 521–545.

Ali, A., Yazarb, A., Aalc, A. A., Oweisd, A., & Hayekd, P. (2010). Micro-catchment water harvesting potential of an arid environment. Agricultural Water Management, 98(1), 96–104.

Allen, C. D., Macalady A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, M., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., & Breshears, D. (2010). A global overview of drought & heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology & Management, 259(4), 660–684.

Ball, B. C. (2012). No-till in northern, western & south-western Europe: A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment. Soil & Tillage Research, 118, 66-87.

Blanco, H., & Lal, R. )2008(. Principles of soil conservation and management. New York: Springer.

Clark, J. S., Iverson, L., Woodall, C. W., Allen, C. D., Bell, D. M., Bragg, D.C., D'Amato, A.W., Davis, F.W., Hersh, M.H., Ibanez, I., Jackson, S.T., Matthews, S.1., Pederson, N., Peters, M.,,Schwartz, M.W.,Waring, K.M., Zimmermann, N.E..(2016). The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Global Change Biology, 22(7), 2329–2352.

FAO. (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, Forestry Paper, Main report (163), Rome. http://www.fao.org/home/en

FAO. (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015; How are the world’s forests changing? (2nd ed.). Rome. http://www.fao.org/home/en

Gerivani, H., Lashkaripour, G. R., Ghafoouri, M., & Jalali, N. (2011). The source of dust storm in Iran: A case study based on geological information and rainfall data. Carpathian Journal of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 6(1), 297– 308.

Gordon, E., Grant, C. L., & Allen, C. D. (2013). Watering the forest for the trees: An emerging priority for managing water in forest lascapes. Frontiers in Ecology & the Environment, 11(6), 314-321.

Heshmati, M., Gheitury, M., Parvizi, Y., & Hosseini, M. (2015). Effect of converting forest to rainfed on spatial variability of soil chemical properties in the Zagros Forest, West Iran. Ecopersia, 3(4), 1161-1174.

Heshmati, M., Majid, N. M., Shamshuddin, J., Ghaituri, M., & Arifin, A. (2013). Effects of soil & rock mineralogy on soil erosion features in the Merek Watershed, Iran. Journal of Geographic Information System, 5, 248-257.

Le Houerou, H. N. (1996). Climate change, drought & desertification. Journal of Arid Environments, 34(2), 133-185.

Malekian, R., Namiranian, M., & Feghhi. J. (2013). Studding the effective factors in selection of understory farming and their effects on forest using GIS. GIS Development, http://geospatialmedia.net

Miri, A., Ahmadi, H., Ghanbari, A., & Moghaddamnia, A. (2007). Dust storm impacts on air pollution and public health under hot and dry climate. International Journal of Energy & Environment, 1(2), 101-105.

Morello, L. (2014). Unploughed fields take edge off heatwaves. No-till agriculture could cool Europe's hottest days by up to two degrees. Nature, No: 2014.15438. doi:10.1038/nature

Negassa, W., Price, R., Basir, A., Snapp, S., & Kravchenko, A. (2015). Cover crop and tillage systems effect on soil CO2 and N2O fluxes in contrasting topographic positions. Soil & Tillage Research, 154, 64–74.

Newton, A. C. (2007). Biodiversity & conservation in fragmented forest landscapes. CABI Publishing.

Owliaie, H. R., Abtahi, A., & Heckr, R. J. (2006). Pedogenesis & clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous & calcareous materials, on a transect, southwestern Iran. Geoderma, 134(1-2), 62-81.

Polyakov, V. O., & Lal, R. (2008). Soil organic matter and CO2 emission as affected by water erosion on field run-off plots. Geoderma, 143(1-2), 216-222.

Rehman, O., Rashid, R., Kausar, R., & Alvi, S. (2014). Microcatchment techniques for efficient utilization of stored rain water, International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science. 7(13), 1304-1311.

Rey, F. (2003). Influence of vegetation distribution on sediment yield in forested Marly Gullies. Catena, 50(2-4), 549–562.

Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., & Lahav, R. (2001). Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop. Geophysics, 98(11), 5975-5980.

Sepahvnd T., & Z&ebasiri, M. (2014). Evaluation of oak decline with local resident, opinions in Zagros forests, Iran. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(4), 231-234.