Analysis of Jet Streams Frequency Occurrence during Heavy Precipitation over Kurdistan, Province

Document Type : Research Article

Author

• Mohammad Darand

University of Kurdistan

10.22067/geo.v4i1.33957

Abstract

Introduction
Jet stream is strong narrow current concentrated by strong vertical and lateral wind shears (Vasantha et al, 2002). According to World Meteorological Organization nomenclature, jet stream formed when the speed of wind greater than 60 knots or 30 m/s. The major characteristics of the troposphere and lower stratosphere in the vicinity of jet streams were pointed out by a group of meteorologist at the University of Chicago (Rossby et al,1974; Rossby, 1974). These characteristics are the tropopause discontinuities, the intense horizontal temperature gradients considerably below the jet stream core, and the associated frontal systems(Endlich,1953). Jet streams possess a considerable amount of kinetic energy with velocities comparable to horizontal phase velocities of atmospheric waves (Vasantha et al., 2002).

Study Area
The study area is the Kurdistan Province in the west of Iran. The land area of the Province is approximately 29,600 km2. The topographical elevation varies between
712 m in the southwest and northwest and 3219 m in western and central parts of the study area. The differences in elevation and mountains configuration resulted in differences in precipitation reception. The long-term mean annual precipitation of the study area varies between 300 mm in the east and over 900 mm in the west with decreasing trend from west to east.
The aim of this study is the analysis of jet streams frequency occurrence during heavy precipitation over Kurdistan province during 1/1/1961 to 31/12/2010(18263days). To doing this study daily precipitation data of 8 synoptic stations have been extracted from Iranian meteorological organization. The frame of 10° to 100° eastern longitude and 0° to 70° northern latitude has been selected to recognition of jet streams frequency occurrence.

Figure1. The spatial distribution of synoptic stations (black dots) and elevation (color background) over Kurdistan Province

Data and Methods
In this study, environment to circulation approach has been selected. By using two thresholds of extensively and intensity of precipitation occurrence, 107 days had been recognized. In temporal view, the selected days occurrence in wet seasons of year, start from October to the June. The u and v wind components data on the 2.5×2.5 pixels in 10° to 100° eastern longitude and from 0° to 70° northern latitude frame from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has been extracted. One matrix with dimension 107×1073 created that days located on the rows and pixels on the columns. The heavy precipitation in Kurdistan province not only observed in the wet season but also occur in the arid season. These kind of the precipitation occurred in the arid season with lower intensity and frequency. In order to recognize heavy precipitation, the area mean precipitation for the province had been calculated. According to the 99 percentile threshold and extensively of precipitation the heavy precipitation recognized. By two thresholds 32 days selected and same as to the wet season precipitation, u and v wind components data from NOAA extracted.

Figure2. The selected frame in order to analysis of jet stream frequency
Results and discussion
The results of this study showed that in the wet season, during the occurrence of heavy precipitation, the jet streams descend to the 700 hPa level (about 3 km above earth). The highest frequency of jet streams are located on the north and northeastern parts of Arabian. The highest frequency and speed of jet streams observed in the 18 UTC. The Kurdistan province located on the left output part of jet streams where atmospheric divergence and instability occurred in the whole of observations. The output axis of jet stream is toward to semi western parts of Iran. The heavy precipitation during arid season is accompany with jet streams in the upper levels. The formation location of the maximum frequency core of jet stream is same as jet streams in wet season but the frequency of jet streams is lower and don’t observed in the levels below 500 hPa..
Conclusion
According to the results of this study we can say that jet streams have important role in amplification and intensification of air instabilities and prone to occurrence of the heavy precipitation in Kurdistan province. This circumstances are present during heavy precipitations both in the wet season and arid season. Jet streams frequency occurrence in the wet season are more frequent and their speed are faster. Also in comparison to the arid season, jet streams are shown in the low levels.

Keywords

• Heavy Rain falls
• Flood
• Jet Streams
• Kurdistan

---

References

پروین، نادر؛1392. بررسی ارتباط موقعیت مکانی رودبادهای تراز میانی جو و وقوع سیل در حوضه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی. شماره 29. صص 250-235.

حلبیان، امیرحسین؛ حسینعلی پورجزی، فرشته؛ 1393. تحلیل فراوانی رودبادهای مرتبط با بارش‌های حدی و فراگیر در کرانه‌های غربی خزر. فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی. شماره 112. صص 220-205.

غیور، حسنعلی؛ حلبیان، امیرحسین؛ صابری، بیژن؛ حسینعلی ‌پورجزی، فرشته؛ 1391. بررسی رابطه بارش‌های سنگین با الگوهای گردشی جو بالا (مطالعه موردی: استان خراسان جنوبی). مجله مخاطرات محیطی. شماره 2. صص 27-11.

فرج‌زاده، منوچهر؛ لشکری، حسن؛ خورانی، اسدالله؛ 1386. تحلیل موقعیت رودباد در رابطه با سامانه‌های بارشی غرب کشور (استان‌های ایلام و کرمانشاه). فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی. صص 256-240.

مسعودیان، سید ابوالفضل؛ محمدی، بختیار؛1390. تحلیل فراوانی رودبادهای مرتبط با رخداد بارش‌های ابرسنگین ایران. تحقیقات منابع آب ایران. شماره 2. صص 91-80.

نوری، حمید؛ ایلدرمی، علیرضا؛ 1391. تحلیل شرایط همدید و دینامیک رویدادهای بارشی سنگین سواحل جنوبی خزر در مقایسه با ایران زمین. نشریه جغرافیا برنامه‌ریزی. شماره 41. صص 236-197.

Badner, J. Johnson, M.A., 1957. Relationship of tropopause and jet streams to rainfall in southeastern United States, February 4-9, 1957, Monthly weather review, Vol.62,pp. 62-28.

Bary, R ., 2001. Carelton; Synoptic and dynamic climatology, Routledg.

Endlich, R.M., 1953. A study of vertical velocities in the vicinity of jet streams, Journal of meteorology, No.6, pp.407-415.

Endlich, R.M., Solot, S.B. Thur, H.A., 1955. The mean vertical structure of the jet stream, Tellus, 3,pp. 308-313.

Farajzadeh, M. Lashkari, H. Khorani, A., 2007. Analysis of jet stream location in relation with rainfall systems in west of Iran (Ilam and Kermanshah Province),Quarterly of Modaress humanity sciences, 240-256.

Farajzadeh, M., Lashkari, H. and Khorani, A., 2007. Analysis of jet stream location relate to rainfall systems in west of Iran (Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces), Modarres humanity Quarterly Journal, 240-256.

Fu, Q. Johanson, C.M., 2005. Satellite-derived vertical dependence of tropical troposphere temperature trends. Geophysics Resarch Letter., 32,L10703,doi:10.1029/2004GL022266.

Fu, Q. Lin, P., 2011. Pole ward shift of subtropical jets inferred from satellite observed lower stratospheric temperature, American meteorological society, 24,pp. 5597-5603.

Halabian, A.M. Hosseinali Pourjazi, F., 2014. Analysis of jet stream frequency accompanied with extreme and extensive precipitations in western parts of Caspian Sea, Quarterly geographc researches, 112, 205-220.

Hu, Y. Y. Fu, Q., 2007. Observed pole ward expansion of the Hadley circulation since 1979. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, pp. 5229–5236.

Hudson, R. D. Andrade, M. F. Follette, M. B. Frolov, A. D., 2006. The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part II: Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,pp. 5183–5191.

Johnson, D. H. Daniels. S. M., 2006. rainfall in relation to the jet stream, Journal of the Royal meteorological, Vol 80, Issue 344, pp.212-217.

Khayour, H.A. Halabian, A.H. Saberi, B. Hosseinali Jazi, F., 2012, Analysis of relation between extreme precipitations with atmospheric high level patterns (Case study: Southern Khorasan Province), Journal of Environmental Hazards,2, 11-27.

Krishnamurti, T.N., 1961. The subtropical jet stream of winter, journal of meteorology, Vol.18, pp.172-191.

Masoodian, S.A. and Mohammadi, B., 2011. Analysis of Jet Stream Frequencies Associated with Super Heavy Rainfalls of Iran, Iran-Water Resources Research, 2, 80-91.

Masoodian, S.A. Mohammadi, B., 2011. Analysis of Jet Stream Frequencies Associated with Super Heavy Rainfalls of Iran, Iran-Water Resources Research, 2, 80-91.

Namias, J. Clapp, P.F., 1949. Confluence theory of the high tropospheric jet stream. J. Meteor, Vol.6,pp. 330-336.

Newton, Ch. W. Persson, A.V., 1962. Structural characteristics of the subtropical jet stream and certain lower-stratospheric wind systems, Tellus, Vol. 2,pp. 221-241.

Nouri, H. Eldermi, A.R., 2012. Synoptic and Dynamic Analysis of Heavy Rainfall Events in the Southern Coastal Caspian Sea In Comparison With Iran, Journal of geography and palnning, 41, 197-236.

Nyberg, A.,1950. A study of vertical motion and formation of fronts and jet streams. Roy. Meteor. Soc. Cent. Proc,pp. 81-88.

Parvin, N., 2013. Analysis of relationship between spatial location of jet stream in mid-levels and flood in Urmia basin, Journal of applied geographic researches, 29, 235-250.

Parvin, N., 2013. Analysis relation between jet streams location in mid level and flood occurrence inUromieh basin, Geographical Sciences and Applied Research, 29, 235-250.

Riehl,H . Capt, F.A . Berry, U.S. Maynard. N., 1954.Exploration of the jet stream by aircraft during the winter of 1952-1953.Journal of meteorology, Vol.12, pp.26-35.

Riehl, H. Alaka, A. Jordan, C.L. Renard, R.J., 1954. The Jet Stream, Meteorological Monographs, American Meteorological Society.

Riehl, H. Yeh, T.C., 1950. the intensity of the net meridional circulation, Quarter J. r. metoro. Soc., 76,pp. 182-189.

Rossby, C.G et al., 1974a. On general circulation of the atmosphere in the middle latitude, Bulletin of American meteorological society, 28, pp.255-279.

Rossby, C.G., 1947b. On the distribution of angular velocity in gaseous envelopes under the influence of large-scale mixing processes, Bull. Amer, Meteor. Soc, Vol. 28, pp. 53-68.

Seidel,D. J., Randel, W.J., 2007. Recentwidening of the tropical belt: Evidence from tropopause observations. J. Geophys. Res., 112,D20113,doi:10.1029/2007JD008861.

Vasantha, B. Ratnam, M.V. Mohan, K. Kamala, S. Rao, D.N., 2002. characteristics of tropical easterly jet over Gadanki: Comparison with radiosonde and rawinsonde, Indian journal of radio and space physics, Vol.31, pp.130-139.