Analysis of Environmental and Natural Hazards and Risk Management of Lorestan Province

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Hossein Negaresh
• Yasaman Yari

Sistan and Baluchestan University

10.22067/geo.v2i1.21240

Abstract

Introduction
Geographically Risk of an area determines the nature of disasters, their magnitude and spatial distribution. Geographically risk is been controlled by several environmental variables such as geographical situation, climatic characteristics, topography, landform processes, land changing and human impacts. in many countries environmental crises generally is under influences of inability in sustainable development, disturbance of the balance of environment capabilities and development rate. Considering that one of the most important indexes of the countries is the rate of their community's preparedness against various types of natural disasters. In the most of countries is been paid low attention to emergencies and crises among their development plans. development and crisis planners work separately and this led to imbalances in the planning of the development and crisis .Only a few countries have comprehensive plans for risk and disaster management in their development plans which has been given more attention to preparation phase and the most attention is given to phase for coping with crisis. Lorestan geographical location is in the way that it is receptive to diversity of climate, precipitation, temperature, humidity, mountains, plains and etc. In the same ratio the variety of plant and animal habitat is compatible to fertility status. Larestan area is appeared by many environment hazard which is located in a high risk zones in the country. therefore, in this study, environmental and Natural Hazards and risk management are analysed by SOWT technique. For evaluating and managing environmental risks many researchers have tried to study and using different methods.
Study Area
Lorestan Province, with 28064 square kilometres included 7.1 percent of total area of Iran. This province is one of the western provinces that is located Between 32 ◦40' and 34◦ 23' north latitudes and between 46◦ 50' and 50◦ 01' east longitude? Many years ago Lorestan was the habitat of the people that has been known as Asia Nikos or Aztec from descendants of this grope of people and we can mention Guti and Casey tribes that they have settled in Kordestan, Lorestan and Bakhtiari.
Material and Methods
Considering the purpose of this study, it is applied-developmental and the research's method of this is descriptive-analytical. For collecting required data and information, library studies and field studies such as interviews, observations, and visits has been done and according to obtained information the environmental and ecological hazards of Lorestan province were analysed. In the next step for data analysing and providing risk management strategies in the next steep SWOT technique was used was used for data analysing and risk management strategies providing. For this purpose the list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified and according to the four factors of SWOT such as -SO ,-ST ,-WO and -WT were presented. The factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were ranked by authorities and finally with respect to the formation of the strategies by four factors rank of each factor were determined.
Result and discussions
Table 1: Analysis of Environmental and Natural Hazards and Risk Management of Lorestan Province

External environment Internal environment
Opportunities
O1. Possibility of using torrents for development of Watershed projects
O2. using the environmental standards by managers
O3. Promoting the culture of protecting the natural resources
O4. Introducing international standards of limit pollutants to officials and managers
O5. Possibility of geotourism development
O6. Ability to develop and diversify agricultural production according to climate variability
O7. Possibility of development and proper utilization of water resources in many areas as a prerequisite for development in all sectors of industry, agriculture and urban
O8. Potential of cold water aquaculture development in 7/1501 hectares of plains in the province
O9. Preventing migration to outside of the province
Strengths
S1. Climate variability
S2.Existence water with high quality because of locating upstream of areas
S3 .Having plains with high potential for groundwater
S4.Existence of all kinds of stone's construction
S5. Existence of numerous springs and waterfalls
S6. Having a pond and lake
S7.Existence of the intact and virginal nature
S8 - 768,924 hectares of arable agricultural land resources
S9. Progress of seismology and earthquake engineering that enabled man to records the past earthquakes and analyses them accurately
S10. Existence of different specific species of plants and animals
S11. Special attractions
S12. Existence of the vast spaces of greenhouse vegetables and flowers, ornamental and medicinal
s13. Existence graduates in various fields of science
Threats
T1. Risk of the destruction of lakes and wetlands
T2. Risk of the destruction of protected areas
T3. High seismic potential of province
T4. Severe soil erosion
T5. Climate fluctuations and the risk of dehydration period
T6. Risk of converting the land application to developing physical and non-agricultural one
T7. Risk of the destruction of province's glaciers
T8. Risk of destruction of the forests, vegetation and genetic reservoirs
T9. Reduction of surface water and groundwater caused by factors within and outside of the province
T10. Drought and migration to cities
T11. Drought and degradation of agricultural land and decrease in diversity of plants and animals.
T12. Decrease the role of agriculture in the province's economy.
T13. Increase the range of damages of pests diseases and reduction of Rural animal nutrition resources
T14. Reduction in quality of agricultural products
T15. Infestations a lot of pests and diseases because of the wrong fight against them.
T16. Compromising quality of social-physical life of the city because of environmental pollution Weaknesses
W1. Existence of many faults in province
W2. Existence of eroded areas devoid of vegetation
W3. Fight inaccurately and generally rely on chemical methods by the farmers who are beneficiaries
W4. Illegal dry farming in the high Dips
W5. Distribution of villages of the cities (Noorabad, Selseleh, Boroujerd, Khorramabad, Doroud and Boroujerd) in earthquake-prone areas of Lorestan
W6. Changing the natural applications like forests and Grasslands to dry land farm.
W7.Grazing too much in grasslands
W8. Mountain barriers and lack of continuity of man-made structures and organic relationship between them.
W9.Lack of a proper wastewater collection system and its purification
W10. Poor distribution of rainfall during the year (the maximum February( the Persian month Esfand) - the lowest in August (the Persian Shahrivar)
W11 .Poor quality of installations and equipments in earthquake-prone areas
W12. Loss of the proper buildings for controlling the torrents in flood-prone areas of the province
W13. Weakness of trees and gardens affected by climatic phenomena (frost and drought)
W14. Consuming too much fossil fuels in villages
W15. Loss of suitable sites for waste landfills
W16. forest fires
W17.Destruction of nature by tourists
Prioritisation of strategies
By comparing internal and external factors in SWOT matrix the acceptable strategies were chosen from the primary strategies. The process of risk management strategies' and environmental hazards crisis prioritization of Lorestan province was performed in two following steps:
Step One: Prioritize of the four factors of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats)
at this stage, the average opinions of the officials about the four factors are considered. The weaknesses with an average of 3.68 are in the first place, strengths with an average of 3.45 are in second place, threats with an average of 3.32 in third place and opportunities with an average of 3.18 are in fourth place.
Step Two: Prioritise of the acceptable strategies
Strategies and operational priorities determine acceptable strategies to improve risk management and environmental hazards crisis of Lorestan province. Acceptable strategies according to diagram (1) are obtained from combination of four factors. According to this average chart the factors have added together two by two. WT strategies with an average of 7.18 are in the first place, WO strategies with an average of 7.14 are in second place, ST strategies averaging 6.77 are in third place and at last SO strategies averaging 63/6 are in last place.


























Figure 1.ranking strategies

Conclusion
Analysis of environmental and natural hazards and risk management is the result of the increase in opportunities and reduction of threats. If an opportunity is identified and that opportunity have been used it will become profit and also if the threat have not been avoided it will cause costs. No benefit from the strengths and opportunities of a region achieved automatically and randomly because success depends on good planning and control. The results of the investigation shows that the risks are in terms of the threats and weaknesses of the province but according to strengths and opportunities that facing the province by using an accurate planning and appropriate risk and crisis management and reduce the hazards that caused by threats. In this regard, 17 weakness, 16 threats, 13 strengths and 9 opportunities were identified that weaknesses and threats are environmental and biological risks, the strengths and the opportunities are for moderating the threats and weaknesses and according to the SWOT matrix, 17 aggressive strategies, 12 contingency strategies, 13 adaptive strategies and 8 defensive strategies were presented and according to the officials of the province the strategies ranked as follow:
WT strategies with an average of 7.18 are in the first place, WO strategies with an average of 7.14 are in second place, ST strategies averaging 6.77 are in third place and at last SO strategies averaging 63/6 are in last place.

Keywords

• Risk Management
• environmental crises
• Environmental hazards
• Environment
• Lorestan
• SOWT

---

References

ابراهیم زاده ، عیسی؛ 1389. آمایش سرزمین و برنامه ریزی محیطی در جنوب شرق ایران. تهران: انتشارات موسسه اطلاعات.

ابراهیم زاده، عیسی و الهام ایزدفر؛ 1388. تحلیلی بر مکان یابی فرودگاه بین المللی شهید بهشتی اصفهان با استفاده از الگوی راهبردی SWOT . مجله جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای. شماره13. پاییز و زمستان. دانشگاه مشهد.

افراخته، حسن و علی یوسفی؛1383. مخاطرات محیطی در نواحی شهری، مطالعه موردی: رباط کریم. نشریه علمی – پژوشی انجمن جغرافیایی ایران. سال دوم . شماره 3. صص162- 147.

ایلدرمی، علیرضا و میر سنجری، میر مهرداد ؛ 1389. بررسی و ممیزی مخاطرات محیطی دامنه‌های مشرف به شهر همدان. پژوهش‌های محیط زیست. سال اول. شماره 2. صص 77-67.

باقدم، عثمان، و همکاران؛ 1383. ارزیابی ایمنی جاده ای با رویکرد مخاطرات محیطی: مسیر سنندج – مریوان با استفاده از GIS. فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی. دوره 9. شماره1. صص15- 1.

بلادپس، علی؛ 1390. تحلیلی در مخاطرات محیطی و ژئومورفولوژیکی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شمال منطقه مرند(دشت هلاکو). فضای جغرافیایی. سال یازدهم. شماره 36. صص 23-1.

بیرودیان، نادر؛ 1385. مدیریت بحران: اصول ایمنی در حوادث غیر منتظره. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد. جلد اول. چاپ دوم. شماره نشر 318. ص 194.

بیچرانلو، عبدالله؛ 1385. مدیریت بحران و حوادث غیرمترقبه. فصلنامه اندیشه صادق. مرکزتحقیقات دانشگاه امام صادق. شماره24.

پوراحمد، احمد و دیگران؛ 1388. بررسی ابعاد پیشگیری از بحران زلزله(مطالعه موردی شهر بابل). مطالعات و پژوهش‌های شهری. سال اول. شماره اول.

دیوید، فرید؛ 1388. مدیریت استراتژی. ترجمه علی پارسیان و سید محمد اعرابی. چاپ ششم. انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات فرهنگی.

خورشید دوست، علی محمد، وهمکاران؛ 1390. نقش فرایندهای ژئومورفیک رودخانه ای در ایجاد مخاطرات محیطی شهر سنقر در استان کرمانشاه. فضای جغرافیایی. سال یازدهم. شماره 35. صص 234-209.

سازمان جغرافیای نیروهای مسلح؛ 1384. اطلس راهنمای استان‌های ایران.

ساسان پور، فرزانه و موسی وند، جعفر؛ 1389. تاثیر عوامل انسان ساخت در تشدید پیامدهای مخاطرات طبیعی در محیط‌های کلان شهری با کاربرد منطق فازی و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی. جلد3. شماره 16. صص50-29.

عسکریزاده، سید محمد و همکاران؛ 1389. برنامه ریزی مدیریت بلایا و مخاطرات محیطی در راستای توسعه پایدار. مجموعه مقالات چهارمین کنگره بین المللی جغرافیدانان جهان اسلام27-25 فروردین. زاهدان.

غضنفری، حسین؛ 1372. لرستان در گذر تاریخ: سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور.

کاویانی، مراد؛ 1389. تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی و بحران‌های بوم شناسی در ایران. فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی. سال سیزدهم. شماره دوم. صص57- 34.

محمودی، سیدمحمد؛ 1382. نقش سیستم‌های اطلاعاتی درمدیریت بحران، فرهنگ مدیریت، سال اول. شماره چهارم.

میتراف، ئی ینای وانگناس، کاس؛ 1381. مدیریت بحران پیش از روی دادن، آنچه هررئیس و مدیری می‌بایست درباره مدیریت بحران بداند. ترجمه محمودتوتونچیان. موسسه عالی آموزش وپژوهش مدیریت وبرنامه ریزی.

نجف آبادی، رسول و همکاران؛ 1389. بررسی و شناسایی مخاطرات محیطی در بندر عباس. نشریه مرتع و آبخیز داری. مجله منابع طبیعی ایران. دوره 63. شماره2. صص276-261.

واگر، جان؛ 1381. محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی. مجموعه مقالات مسائل سیاست جهان. ترجمه سید محمد کمال سروریان.

Foster, H. D.,1980. Disaster planning, The preservation of life and property. Spring- verlag. P. 275.

G. K. Shaw., 2010. A risk management model for the tourism industry in South Africa, Thesis submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University.by Dr. M. Saayman and Dr. A. Saayman

Yuksle, İhsan and Metin Dagdeviren ., 2007. Using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) in a SWOT Analysis - A Case Study for a Textile Firm, Journal of Information Sciences, Vol. 177, Issue 16, Aug., pp 3364–3382

Ebrahim-Zadeh, Jesus and Izadfar E. (1388) An Analysis of the location of Shahid Beheshti International Airport using a model of strategic SWOT, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, No. 13, Fall-Winter, Mashhad University

Afrakhteh, Hassan and Ali Yousefi (1383), environmental hazards in urban areas, case study: Rabat Karim scientific Journal, The Geographical Society of Iran, the second year, No. 3, and pp. 147-162

Ildrmy, A. and Mir Merdad Mir Sanjari (1389), review and audit the environmental hazards slopes overlooking the city of Hamadan, Environmental Studies, First Year, No. 2, and pp. 67-77

Baghadam, Osman, M. Farajzadeh, Siavash Shayan, (1383) assessment of road safety with approach of environmental risk : path - Sanandaj, Marivan using GIS, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, Volume 9, No.1, and pp. 1-15

Bladpas, A. (1390), an analysis of environmental and geomorphological hazards in rural settlements north of Marand (plain Hülegü), geographic area, year XI, No. 36, and pp 1-23

Beirudian, N. (1385) Crisis management: the principles of safety in unexpected events, jihad press, Mashhad University, Volume I, Second Edition, Publication No. 318, and pp. 194

Pourahmad, Ahmad and others (1388), Survey of Earthquake Disaster Prevention (Case of Babylon), urban studies, first year, first issue

Khorshyddust, Ali Mohammad, Mohammad Hossein Reza Moghadam, Mohammad Ahmadi, S. Khaleghi (1390), Role of fluvial geomorphic processes in creating environmental hazards Songhor city of Kermanshah Province, geographic area, year XI, No. 35, pp. 209-234

Geography organization of the Armed Forces (1384), Guide of the Iran's provinces

Sasanpour, F. and J. Moosa Wand (1389), the impact of human factors in exacerbating the consequences of natural disasters in metropolitan environments using fuzzy logic and GIS(Geographic Information System), Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, Volume 3,No. 16, pp. 29-50

Asgarizadeh, Seyed Mohammad, Sohrab Mohammadnia Gharaei and Mojtaba Zohur (1389), Disaster planning management and environmental hazards for sustainable development , Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of the Islamic World Geographers, April 25-27, Zahedan

Ghazanfari, H., (1372), Lorestan in History: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization

Kaviani, Morad (1389), Spatial analysis of environmental risks and ecological crisis in Iran, Journal of Strategic Studies, Year XIII, No.2, pp. 34-57

Najaf-Abadi, Rasul, Mohammad Hossein Ramesht, Iran Ghazi, Syed Jamaledin Khajedin, Abdullah Seif, Ahmad Nowhegar and the M Rezaei (1389), Review and identify environmental hazards in Bandar Abbas, Journal of Range and Watershed Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Volume 63, No.2, pp. 261-276

Wager, John (1381), Environment and Natural Resources, Proceedings of the world politics' issues, translated by Syed Mohammad Kamal Savarian